Russian folk art.

Daniil Al'tmark Art.

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Woodcarving
For each people the historical path of development is distinct from paths of development of other peoples. These differences in living conditions, in a social formation have found reflection and in art, have worked out its special traditions.
The stuff for creativity of the folk artist was served with everything, that him encircled: a rock, clay, metal, bone, tissue. Our far ancestor of lodes among of forests and consequently a tree considered as the most valuable stuff. It always was under an hand, for all was suit, easily yielded to processing. From an arbor or Russian person everything created, that encircled him in daily life. From an arbor were carried up knyas's houses, the retiring peasant dwellings were plotted of it, the domestic appliances, instrument of a trade and transport aid were made by a tree, the bowl with a spoon and children's toy was carved from it. Not surprised, that on Russia have reached such high art in usage of a tree.
At the maiden acquaintance to a world of wood things, whether it be simple raker or the head of a horse, ahead a roof of a log hut, strikes surprising reasonableness, expressiveness of an outline profile. Our ancestor is fine was disassembled in properties of each rock of a trees (and them only in Ancient Novgorod have used up to 27), each time selecting that, which one more all approached to the given item. For chests took a strong ouk, and for a spoon and bowl - a mild linden.
There are many kinds of woodcarving, which one can be subdivided on following basic groups: Flat detailed (geometical), or detailed; flat Relief; relief; Sculptural, or volumetric; home (ship).
Each of these groups is in turn divided on a figure and engineering of fulfilment into type.
Flat detailed (geometical) carving is characterized by that its background is the flat surface of a decorated item or bars, and a figure will derivate of the different form of recess - of an extraction. The lowest points of a relief are arranged below than level of a decorated surface, and the tops are at its level. Depending on the form of extractions and nature of a figure Flat detailed carving can be geometrical or planimetric.
Geometrical woodcarving - one of the most ancient kinds of woodcarving. It made ins a kind of two, three and tetrahedral extractions which are generatrix on a surface a pattern from geometrical figures - of triangles, squares, circumferences.
In far times of paganism each geometrical figure and their different combinations had the symbolical value. So, the socket with beams was a symbol of the sun. There were centuries, the concept about beauty developed, the geometric primitives were piled in ornament. From elementary extractions executed by one tool (litle knif), the foremans - carvers have learned to create richest under the form and rhythms, used for an ornament of different domestic appliances.
Later, with an advance in technology of a woodcarving and occurrence of new tools, in a geometrical woodcarving have appeared cool extractions executed by semicircular chisels. They riched of composition of an ornaments.
The geometrical woodcarving is expedient differs from other kinds of a thread by a large diversification of methods of a setting of a wood surface.
The planimetric woodcarving is used more often in combination to other kinds of a thread - geometrical, Flat relief, and also with paintings. As an independent kind this thread apply to fulfilment on a wood decorative panels.

Kudrinskaya woodcarving.
Flat half-relief carving has some types: a carving with round contours, carving with a background, thread with a fitted background. General tag for them is the low-level conditional relief arranged in one plane at a level of a decorated surface. Flat half-relief carving is as though transient kind from planimetric to a relief carving.
Round carving, as well as planimetric, run ins a kind of dihedral extractions contoured of figure, but the extractions are cut by more steep, and their edges are rounded. As a rule, on the part of the forms of the ornament of an extraction are cut and rounded more abruptly, and on the part of a background - is more sloping (see a figs).
Flat half-relief carving with a selected background is designed the same as also customary round, the forms of the ornament remain flat, and edge of the forms abruptly round. A background in this thread select on small depth. Ornament as though lies on an equal plane. A background sometimes mint. Ligth here a little richman, than in round carving, but also small. Therefore flat half-relief carving run in main on small-sized subjects and finish by polishing.
In development flat half-relief carving a large role the thread has played so-called Abramtcevo-kudrinskaya, which one has arisen in the end XIX in. In a manor Abramtcevo, where the workshop of woodcarving was organized. Many foremans working and trained in Abramtcevo, lived in vilige Kudrino, therefore carving has received a title Abramtcevo-kudrinskaya.
The clout on formation Abramtcevo-kudrinskaya carving has rendered creativity of the talented national carver Voronoskov, issued from Abramtcevo workshop. The vegetative motives with the rounded pages (so-called "Palchataya" carving), flat polished ornament, almost completely occluding a surface, and frosted tone a background with a pattern from points are characteristic for activities of Voronoskov.
The traditions of the aged foremans are saved and now in activities of the carvers Hotkovskaya factory of art items from an arbor and bone.

[Woodcarving] [Easter eggs] [Hohloma painting] [Samovars]

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